Human studies library
Every published human study cited on Vial Guide, in one place: 211 studies across 51 compounds.
These are the key human studies listed on each compound page: who took part, the dose, how long, and what happened. Animal and cell studies aren’t included. Each citation gives a PubMed ID (PMID) you can look up.
Studies
211 studies.
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OrforglipronRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death or unstable angina in 4.2% vs 5.0% on glargine (HR 0.84), meeting the non-inferiority goal in type 2 diabetes with high heart risk.
- Design
- Randomized open-label trial vs insulin glargine (phase 3, heart safety)
- Dose
- Up to 36 mg capsules daily (17.2 mg tablet) vs insulin glargine
- Length
- Median 2 years
Klein et al., Lancet 2026 (ACHIEVE-4), PMID 42815506
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CagrilintideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In type 2 diabetes, HbA1c fell 1.91 points with CagriSema 2.4 + 2.4 mg vs 1.75 with semaglutide 2.4 mg alone.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- CagriSema 2.4 + 2.4 mg or 1.0 + 1.0 mg, semaglutide alone, cagrilintide 2.4 mg alone, or placebo
- Length
- 68 weeks
Buse et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2026 (REIMAGINE 2), PMID 42251859
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RetatrutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 17.6%, 23.7% and 25.0% at 4, 9 and 12 mg vs 3.9% on placebo; knee pain and sleep apnea events also improved.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4, 9 or 12 mg weekly
- Length
- 80 weeks
Jastreboff et al., N Engl J Med 2026 (TRIUMPH-1), PMID 42814954
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OrforglipronRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 1.71 and 1.91 points vs 1.23 and 1.47 on semaglutide in type 2 diabetes on metformin; 9–10% stopped for side effects vs 4–5%.
- Design
- Randomized open-label trial vs oral semaglutide (phase 3)
- Dose
- 12 or 36 mg capsules daily vs oral semaglutide 7 or 14 mg
- Length
- 52 weeks
Rosenstock et al., Lancet 2026 (ACHIEVE-3), PMID 41765029
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RetatrutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes, weight fell 11.9%, 16.8% and 18.8% at 4, 9 and 12 mg vs 5.1% on placebo.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4, 9 or 12 mg weekly
- Length
- 80 weeks
Bellido et al., Lancet 2026 (TRIUMPH-2), PMID 42810372
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SurvodutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes, weight fell 8.2% and 9.8% vs 3.9% on placebo, and HbA1c 0.9 and 0.8 points vs 0.2.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 3.6 or 6.0 mg weekly
- Length
- 76 weeks
Wharton et al., N Engl J Med 2026 (SYNCHRONIZE-2), PMID 42820639
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SurvodutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 12.2% and 13.0% vs 5.4% on placebo in adults with obesity without diabetes; GI side effects in 80.9% and 89.7% vs 47.9%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 3.6 or 6.0 mg weekly
- Length
- 76 weeks
le Roux et al., N Engl J Med 2026 (SYNCHRONIZE-1), PMID 42253238
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RetatrutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In type 2 diabetes, HbA1c fell 1.69 to 1.94 points vs 0.81 on placebo, and weight fell 11.5% to 15.3% vs 2.6%.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4, 9 or 12 mg weekly
- Length
- 40 weeks
Bajaj et al., Lancet 2026 (TRANSCEND-T2D-1), PMID 42250575
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MazdutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 16.65% vs 1.50% on placebo in Chinese adults with a BMI of 30 or more; vomiting 53.1% vs 1.3%, and 2.9% stopped for side effects vs 0%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 9 mg weekly
- Length
- 60 weeks
Gao et al., JAMA 2026 (GLORY-2), PMID 42251595
-
TesofensineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
About 10% weight loss at 0.5 mg, with more than half losing over 10%; side effects similar to placebo apart from a small rise in heart rate.
- Design
- Phase 3 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Mexico (developer-reported; not published in a journal)
- Dose
- 0.25 or 0.5 mg once daily, with diet and exercise
- Length
- 24 weeks
Saniona interim report, January–June 2026 (summary of its partner’s trial)
-
SurvodutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In obesity with at-risk fatty liver, liver fat fell 30% or more in 68.5% vs 28.6% on placebo and weight fell 8.7% vs 1.4%, counting everyone who started.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 6.0 mg weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks
Kaplan et al., Nat Med 2026 (SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD), PMID 42252333
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MazdutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
At 32 weeks weight fell 7.3%, 15.6% and 18.1% vs 0.9% on placebo in US adults without diabetes; 20% stopped 16 mg because of side effects.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- 3 rising to 6 mg, 10 mg or 16 mg weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks
Hsia et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2026, PMID 42628555
-
NAD+Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
No unexpected adverse events or concerning safety signals by any route; injections caused some discomfort.
- Design
- Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot (preprint, not peer reviewed; industry funded); NAD+ was one of three study products, given to about 15 of the 45 people
- Dose
- 100 mg NAD+ or nicotinamide riboside once daily, by IV, IM or SC
- Length
- 3 days
Nkrumah-Elie et al., medRxiv 2026 (preprint), doi:10.64898/2026.04.28.26352007
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Kisspeptin-10Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Daily 8-hour infusions kept LH, FSH and testosterone raised for 12 days; after 5 days of nonstop infusion LH and FSH were back to placebo levels.
- Design
- Randomized single-blind placebo-controlled study
- Dose
- Subcutaneous infusion 150 nmol/h for 8 hours daily (about 1.6 mg a day); also 180 nmol/h nonstop for 5 days
- Length
- 12 days
Yeung et al., Eur J Endocrinol 2026, PMID 42549827
-
TirzepatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in 12.2% vs 13.1% on dulaglutide (HR 0.92): noninferior, not superior.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial vs dulaglutide
- Dose
- Up to 15 mg weekly vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg
- Length
- Median 210 weeks (about 4 years)
Nicholls et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (SURPASS-CVOT), PMID 41406444
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CagrilintideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 20.4% with CagriSema vs 3.0% on placebo; 302 people got cagrilintide alone.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3a)
- Dose
- CagriSema 2.4 mg + 2.4 mg weekly; arms with cagrilintide 2.4 mg alone, semaglutide alone, placebo
- Length
- 68 weeks
Garvey et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (REDEFINE 1), PMID 40544433
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OrforglipronRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 7.5%, 8.4% and 11.2% vs 2.1% on placebo in adults with obesity without diabetes; 5.3–10.3% stopped for side effects vs 2.7%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 6, 12 or 36 mg capsules daily (equal to 5.5, 9 and 17.2 mg tablets)
- Length
- 72 weeks
Wharton et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (ATTAIN-1), PMID 40960239
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OrforglipronRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 5.1%, 7.0% and 9.6% vs 2.5% on placebo in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 6, 12 or 36 mg capsules daily
- Length
- 72 weeks
Horn et al., Lancet 2025 (ATTAIN-2), PMID 41275875
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SemaglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 18.7% on 7.2 mg vs 15.6% on 2.4 mg and 3.9% on placebo; skin sensitivity (dysesthesia) in 22.9% on 7.2 mg vs 6.0% on 2.4 mg.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 7.2 mg or 2.4 mg weekly
- Length
- 72 weeks
Wharton et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025 (STEP UP), PMID 40961952
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CagrilintideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 13.7% with CagriSema vs 3.4% on placebo in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 3a)
- Dose
- CagriSema 2.4 mg + 2.4 mg weekly
- Length
- 68 weeks
Davies et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (REDEFINE 2), PMID 40544432
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Thymosin Alpha-1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In sepsis, 28-day deaths were 23.4% with thymosin alpha-1 vs 24.1% with placebo (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.27).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (TESTS)
- Dose
- Subcutaneous, every 12 hours
- Length
- 7 days
Wu et al., BMJ 2025 (TESTS), PMID 39814420
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TirzepatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 20.2% with tirzepatide vs 13.7% with semaglutide in adults with obesity without diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized open-label trial vs semaglutide
- Dose
- 10 or 15 mg weekly vs semaglutide 1.7 or 2.4 mg
- Length
- 72 weeks
Aronne et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (SURMOUNT-5), PMID 40353578
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MazdutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 1.61 and 1.66 points vs 1.36 with dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes on metformin-based treatment; weight fell 6.6% and 8.5% vs 2.8%.
- Design
- Randomized trial vs dulaglutide (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4 or 6 mg weekly vs dulaglutide 1.5 mg
- Length
- 28 weeks
Guo et al., Nature 2025 (DREAMS-2), PMID 41407860
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MazdutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 11.0% and 14.0% vs a 0.3% gain on placebo in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity; 35.7% and 49.5% lost at least 15%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4 or 6 mg weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks
Ji et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (GLORY-1), PMID 40421736
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OrforglipronRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 1.24 to 1.48 points vs 0.41 on placebo in early type 2 diabetes; weight fell 7.6% on 36 mg vs 1.7%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 3, 12 or 36 mg capsules daily
- Length
- 40 weeks
Rosenstock et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (ACHIEVE-1), PMID 40544435
-
MazdutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 1.58 and 2.02 points vs 0.25 on placebo in type 2 diabetes treated with diet and exercise only; weight fell 5.5% and 7.3% vs 1.2%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 3)
- Dose
- 4 or 6 mg weekly
- Length
- 24 weeks, plus 24-week extension
Zhu et al., Nature 2025 (DREAMS-1), PMID 41407859
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DihexaRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
The main endpoint, a combined score of thinking and daily function, differed from placebo by −0.08 (p=0.70); thinking and function alone also missed significance. 14.2% stopped for side effects vs 4.6% on placebo, mostly injection-site reactions.
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2/3 trial of the prodrug fosgonimeton in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease
- Dose
- Fosgonimeton 40 mg once daily under the skin (549 people dosed in all, including a 70 mg group)
- Length
- 26 weeks
Porsteinsson et al., J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2025, PMID 41393340
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Melanotan 1Observational study
Quality of life rose from baseline (p<0.0001) and 91% of patients who started stayed on treatment; safety matched the trials.
- Design
- Observational post-authorization safety study
- Dose
- 16 mg implant per EU label
- Length
- Long-term, ongoing
Homey et al., Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2025, PMID 40082741
-
ExenatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Off-medication motor scores worsened by 5.7 points vs 4.5 on placebo (p=0.47): no sign that exenatide slows Parkinson’s disease.
- Design
- Phase 3 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Parkinson’s disease
- Dose
- 2 mg extended-release once weekly
- Length
- 96 weeks
Vijiaratnam et al., Lancet 2025 (Exenatide-PD3), PMID 39919773
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TriptorelinObservational study
LH peaked later and lower after triptorelin (6.8 IU/L at 4 hours) than after GnRH (9.8 IU/L at 60 minutes); both tests were judged usable for diagnosis.
- Design
- Retrospective comparison of two diagnostic tests in girls with central precocious puberty
- Dose
- Single 100 mcg triptorelin dose (35 girls) versus a standard GnRH stimulation test (101 girls)
- Length
- Single test, with at least 2 years of follow-up
Sodero, Diseases 2025, PMID 41294910
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Thymosin Beta-4Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart scar size didn’t differ between groups overall, but treated patients whose first dose came within 8 hours of PCI (43 people) had significantly smaller scars than the placebo group.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of recombinant thymosin beta-4 after heart attack
- Dose
- IV after the artery-opening procedure (PCI); dose not given in the abstract
- Length
- 90-day follow-up
Zhang et al., Cardiovasc Res 2025, PMID 41229390
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LiraglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
BMI fell 5.8% vs a 1.6% rise on placebo in 6- to 11-year-olds with obesity; GI side effects 80% vs 54%. Not an approved US use under age 12.
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled Phase 3a trial
- Dose
- 3.0 mg daily (or the highest tolerated dose)
- Length
- 56 weeks, plus 26 weeks off treatment
Fox et al., N Engl J Med 2025 (SCALE Kids), PMID 39258838
-
LarazotideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No larazotide-related adverse events; treated children had faster resolution of gut symptoms, faster clearance of viral spike protein and a faster return to usual activities.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 2a trial in children with MIS-C
- Dose
- 10 mcg/kg (up to 500 mcg) by mouth 4× daily, added to standard care
- Length
- 3 weeks, with 24 weeks of follow-up
Yonker et al., Sci Transl Med 2025, PMID 40737433
-
BPC-157Uncontrolled or pilot study
No changes in heart, liver, kidney, thyroid or glucose markers, and no side effects reported.
- Design
- IV safety pilot
- Dose
- 10 mg IV on day 1, then 20 mg IV on day 2
- Length
- 2 days
Lee & Burgess, Altern Ther Health Med 2025, PMID 40131143
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SemaglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Major kidney events were 24% lower than placebo (HR 0.76) in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 1.0 mg weekly
- Length
- Median 3.4 years
Perkovic et al., N Engl J Med 2024 (FLOW), PMID 38785209
-
TirzepatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Apnea-hypopnea index fell 25.3 and 29.3 events per hour vs 5.3 and 5.5 on placebo in adults with sleep apnea and obesity.
- Design
- Two randomized controlled trials
- Dose
- 10 or 15 mg weekly
- Length
- 52 weeks
Malhotra et al., N Engl J Med 2024 (SURMOUNT-OSA), PMID 38912654
-
SurvodutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 6.2%, 12.5%, 13.2% and 14.9% vs 2.8% on placebo in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-finding trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- 0.6, 2.4, 3.6 or 4.8 mg weekly
- Length
- 46 weeks
le Roux et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024, PMID 38330987
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SurvodutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
MASH improved without worse fibrosis in 47%, 62% and 43% vs 14% on placebo in biopsy-proven MASH with F1–F3 fibrosis.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- 2.4, 4.8 or 6.0 mg weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks
Sanyal et al., N Engl J Med 2024, PMID 38847460
-
SNAP-8Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
All eye-wrinkle roughness measures improved more on the active side than the placebo side at day 28 (p<0.05), with no side effects. SNAP-8’s own share can’t be separated.
- Design
- Placebo-controlled split-face study
- Dose
- Microneedle eye patch with acetyl octapeptide-3 plus two other actives, nightly for 14 days, then every 3 days
- Length
- 28 days
Shin et al., Ann Dermatol 2024, PMID 39082657 (most authors work for the patch maker)
-
BPC-157Uncontrolled or pilot study
10 of 12 women reported complete symptom resolution and 2 reported 80% improvement; no adverse events.
- Design
- Uncontrolled pilot study, interstitial cystitis
- Dose
- 10 mg total, injected around inflamed bladder areas during cystoscopy
- Length
- Single treatment
Lee, Walker & Ayadi, Altern Ther Health Med 2024, PMID 39325560
-
SS-31Uncontrolled or pilot study
6-minute walk improved 96.1 m by week 168 in the 8 patients who stayed; injection-site reactions were the most common side effect.
- Design
- Open-label extension of TAZPOWER in Barth syndrome, no placebo
- Dose
- 40 mg SC once daily
- Length
- 168 weeks
Thompson et al., Genet Med 2024, PMID 38602181
-
SemaglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in 6.5% vs 8.0% on placebo (HR 0.80) in people with heart disease and overweight, no diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 2.4 mg weekly
- Length
- Mean follow-up 39.8 months
Lincoff et al., N Engl J Med 2023 (SELECT), PMID 37952131
-
CerebrolysinReview or pooled analysis
No effect on deaths (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.41); more people had non-fatal serious adverse events (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.23).
- Design
- Cochrane review of 7 RCTs in acute ischemic stroke (one tested the similar product Cortexin)
- Dose
- Varied; 2 trials (1,189 people) used 30 mL IV daily for 10 days
- Length
- Started within 48 hours of stroke
Ziganshina et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023, PMID 37818733
-
VIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In COVID-19 respiratory failure, no benefit at day 90 (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.55); deaths were 38% vs 36% with placebo.
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial (TESICO, NIH ACTIV-3b)
- Dose
- IV aviptadil as 12-hour infusions, 600 to 1,800 pmol/kg a day
- Length
- 3 days
Brown et al., Lancet Respir Med 2023 (TESICO), PMID 37348524
-
RetatrutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 24.2% at 12 mg vs 2.1% on placebo in adults with obesity.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- 1, 4, 8 or 12 mg weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks
Jastreboff et al., N Engl J Med 2023, PMID 37366315
-
RetatrutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
At 12 mg, HbA1c fell 2.02 points at 24 weeks (vs 0.01 on placebo) and weight fell 16.9% at 36 weeks (vs 3.0%).
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- 0.5 to 12 mg weekly
- Length
- 36 weeks
Rosenstock et al., Lancet 2023, PMID 37385280
-
SS-31Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Missed both primary goals: 6-minute walk changed -3.2 m versus placebo (p=0.69), with no fatigue benefit; generally well tolerated.
- Design
- Phase 3 randomized controlled trial (MMPOWER-3) in primary mitochondrial myopathy
- Dose
- 40 mg SC once daily
- Length
- 24 weeks
Karaa et al., Neurology 2023 (MMPOWER-3), PMID 37268435
-
OxytocinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No overall effect on caregiver-rated social responsiveness in children 3–12 with autism (p=0.686); possible benefit at ages 3–5; well tolerated.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 16 IU intranasal twice daily (32 IU a day)
- Length
- 12 weeks
Guastella et al., Mol Psychiatry 2023, PMID 36302965
-
LL-37Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
The granulation index rose more than with placebo on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 (p=0.031, 0.009, 0.006, 0.037), but IL-1α, TNF-α and bacterial counts didn’t fall more.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (40 planned in the registry)
- Dose
- LL-37 cream (0.5 mg/mL per the trial registration) twice weekly on mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers
- Length
- 4 weeks
Miranda et al., Arch Dermatol Res 2023, PMID 37480520
-
L-CarnitineReview or pooled analysis
Little or no effect on quality of life, fatigue, cramps or dialysis low blood pressure; hemoglobin rose 0.46 g/dL (low-certainty evidence).
- Design
- Cochrane systematic review of 52 randomized trials in people on dialysis
- Dose
- Varied
- Length
- Varied
Nishioka et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022, PMID 36472884
-
TirzepatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 15.0%, 19.5% and 20.9% at 5, 10 and 15 mg vs 3.1% on placebo in adults with obesity without diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 5, 10 or 15 mg weekly
- Length
- 72 weeks
Jastreboff et al., N Engl J Med 2022 (SURMOUNT-1), PMID 35658024
-
Thymosin Alpha-1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In predicted severe necrotizing pancreatitis, infected necrosis occurred in 15.7% vs 18.1% with placebo (P=0.48).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 1.6 mg subcutaneous every 12 hours, then once daily
- Length
- 14 days
Ke et al., Intensive Care Med 2022, PMID 35713670
-
VIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In critical COVID-19, the main endpoint (alive and free of respiratory failure at day 60) was not met (OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.86 to 3.11).
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial (2:1)
- Dose
- IV aviptadil
- Length
- 3 days
Youssef et al., Crit Care Med 2022, PMID 36044317
-
DihexaRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Safe and well tolerated at every dose, with injection-site reactions the main side effect; the active molecule had a half-life of about 1.5 hours, and P300 delay moved toward normal in the 11 people with Alzheimer’s (p=0.027).
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 1 trial of the prodrug fosgonimeton in healthy young men, healthy older adults and people with Alzheimer’s disease
- Dose
- Single doses of 2–90 mg; 20–80 mg once daily for 9 days; 40 mg daily for 9 days in the Alzheimer’s group
- Length
- Single dose, or 9 days
Hua et al., J Alzheimers Dis 2022, PMID 35180125
-
DihexaRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
The main endpoint, the delay of a brain signal called P300, changed by −6.02 milliseconds across both doses, which was not significant.
- Design
- Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 2 trial of the prodrug fosgonimeton (ACT-AD)
- Dose
- Fosgonimeton 40 mg or 70 mg once daily under the skin
- Length
- 26 weeks
Athira Pharma results announcement, June 22, 2022, and conference presentation; no PubMed record found
-
GonadorelinObservational study
Ovulation in 96% of cycles, a single follicle in 75%, clinical pregnancy in 74.4% and live birth in 65.9% per course, with one twin pregnancy (1.6%).
- Design
- Single-center retrospective cohort of women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, 1996 to 2020 (82 treatment courses, 212 cycles)
- Dose
- Pulsatile GnRH pump under the skin, pulses about every 90 minutes
- Length
- 25 years of practice; one or more treatment courses per patient
Quaas et al., J Assist Reprod Genet 2022, PMID 36378460
-
Thymosin Beta-4Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In neurotrophic keratopathy, the corneal sore healed in 6 of 10 treated vs 1 of 8 on placebo at day 29 (p=0.066) and significantly more by day 43 (p=0.036), with no significant side effects.
- Design
- Randomized double-masked placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial (SEER-1), stopped early for business reasons
- Dose
- 0.1% eye drops (RGN-259) 5× daily
- Length
- 28 days, plus 2 weeks follow-up
Sosne et al., Int J Mol Sci 2022, PMID 36613994
-
ThymalinControlled study, randomization not stated
Hospital mortality was 20.6% with thymalin, 28.4% with tocilizumab and 40.9% with standard care; the Russian abstract gives 16.2% for thymalin.
- Design
- Three-arm comparative study in severe COVID-19 (allocation method not stated)
Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2022, PMID 36169363
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SemaglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 14.9% vs 2.4% on placebo in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 2.4 mg weekly
- Length
- 68 weeks
Wilding et al., N Engl J Med 2021 (STEP 1), PMID 33567185
-
TirzepatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 2.01 to 2.30 points vs 1.86 with semaglutide 1 mg in type 2 diabetes; all tirzepatide doses were superior.
- Design
- Randomized open-label trial vs semaglutide
- Dose
- 5, 10 or 15 mg weekly vs semaglutide 1 mg
- Length
- 40 weeks
Frías et al., N Engl J Med 2021 (SURPASS-2), PMID 34170647
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CagrilintideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 6.0% to 10.8% with cagrilintide vs 3.0% on placebo and 9.0% on liraglutide 3.0 mg daily.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 2)
- Dose
- Cagrilintide alone 0.3 to 4.5 mg weekly
- Length
- 26 weeks
Lau et al., Lancet 2021, PMID 34798060
-
Thymosin Beta-4Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In dry eye, corneal staining (change −0.41 vs −0.46) and discomfort (−0.4 vs −0.4) improved no more than on placebo; no serious adverse events.
- Design
- Randomized double-masked placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial (ARISE-3)
- Dose
- RGN-259 eye drops 4× daily
- Length
- 14 days
ReGenTree, posted registry results, NCT03937882
-
OxytocinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No benefit on social withdrawal in children and teens with autism vs placebo (change -3.7 vs -3.5, P=0.61); side effects similar.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- Intranasal, target 48 IU daily
- Length
- 24 weeks
Sikich et al., N Engl J Med 2021 (SOARS-B), PMID 34644471
-
LL-37Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Healing was no better than placebo in the whole group; a post hoc look found significant improvement only in ulcers of 10 cm² or more. Both strengths were well tolerated.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 2b trial (HEAL LL-37)
- Dose
- 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL applied to venous leg ulcers, with compression therapy
- Length
- 13 weeks, after a 3-week placebo run-in
Mahlapuu et al., Wound Repair Regen 2021, PMID 34687253
-
CagrilintideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 15.4% to 17.1% with cagrilintide 1.2 to 4.5 mg plus semaglutide vs 8.0% to 9.8% with semaglutide plus placebo.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (phase 1b)
- Dose
- Cagrilintide 0.16 to 4.5 mg weekly with semaglutide 2.4 mg
- Length
- 20 weeks
Enebo et al., Lancet 2021, PMID 33894838
-
ThymalinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
IL-6 fell from 20.4 to 3.7 pg/mL with thymalin vs 23.7 to 16.8 pg/mL with standard care alone; no deaths in either group.
- Design
- Open-label randomized controlled trial, hospitalized COVID-19 patients
- Dose
- 10 mg IM once daily
- Length
- 5 days
Khavinson et al., Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021, PMID 33575961
-
BPC-157Observational study
14 of 16 patients (87.5%) reported knee pain relief; 11 of the 12 given BPC-157 alone improved.
- Design
- Retrospective chart review with phone follow-up
- Dose
- Knee injection; amount not given in abstract
- Length
- Follow-up 6–12 months after injection
Lee & Padgett, Altern Ther Health Med 2021, PMID 34324435
-
SS-31Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
No benefit in the randomized part; in the uncontrolled extension, 6-minute walk improved 95.9 m by week 36 (8 patients).
- Design
- Randomized crossover trial plus open-label extension (TAZPOWER) in Barth syndrome
- Dose
- 40 mg SC once daily
- Length
- 12 weeks per period, then a 36-week extension
Thompson et al., Genet Med 2021 (TAZPOWER), PMID 33077895
-
L-CarnitineReview or pooled analysis
Weight fell 1.21 kg and fat mass 2.08 kg more than control; no effect on waist size or body fat percent.
- Design
- Meta-analysis of 37 randomized trials
- Dose
- Varied; largest effect near 2 g a day
- Length
- Varied
Talenezhad et al., Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020, PMID 32359762
-
GonadorelinReview or pooled analysis
GnRH gave earlier sperm appearance (5.3 months sooner, p=0.004) and larger testicles, with no significant difference in sperm detection, sperm count or pregnancy rate; allergic reactions were commoner on GnRH, gynecomastia and acne on gonadotropins.
- Design
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of eight articles from seven comparative studies
- Dose
- Pulsatile GnRH by pump versus hCG plus hMG
- Length
- Varies by study
Wei et al., World J Mens Health 2020, PMID 32777865
-
LiraglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
BMI fell at least 5% in 43.3% vs 18.7% on placebo in 12- to 17-year-olds with obesity; the BMI score rose again after treatment stopped.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 3.0 mg daily
- Length
- 56 weeks, plus 26 weeks off treatment
Kelly et al., N Engl J Med 2020 (SCALE Teens), PMID 32233338
-
CerebrolysinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
After moderate to severe brain injury, a combined 13-scale outcome favored Cerebrolysin at day 90 (Mann-Whitney 0.59, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.66).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (CAPTAIN II)
- Dose
- 50 mL IV daily, then 10 mL daily
- Length
- 10 days, then two more 10-day cycles
Muresanu et al., Neurol Sci 2020 (CAPTAIN II), PMID 31897941
-
SS-31Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
No improvement in heart volumes or ejection fraction on MRI versus placebo; side effect rates were similar across groups.
- Design
- Phase 2 randomized controlled trial (PROGRESS-HF) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Dose
- 4 mg or 40 mg SC once daily
- Length
- 4 weeks
Butler et al., J Card Fail 2020 (PROGRESS-HF), PMID 32068002
-
SS-31Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
6-minute walk was 19.8 m longer than on placebo but not significant (p=0.08); fatigue scores improved; injection-site reactions in 80%.
- Design
- Randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial (MMPOWER-2) in primary mitochondrial myopathy
- Dose
- 40 mg SC once daily
- Length
- 4 weeks per period
Karaa et al., J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020 (MMPOWER-2), PMID 32096613
-
ARA-290Uncontrolled or pilot study
No mean improvement in vision or retinal thickness; no serious adverse events or anti-drug antibodies.
- Design
- Phase 2 trial without a control group, diabetic macular edema
- Dose
- 4 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 12 weeks
Lois et al., J Clin Med 2020, PMID 32674280
-
LL-37Uncontrolled or pilot study
Only 3 patients were treated; one stopped for lack of efficacy, no serious adverse events were reported, and the response data posted to the registry are unclear.
- Design
- Single-arm open-label Phase 1/2 dose-finding study (4 enrolled)
- Dose
- 250 or 500 mcg per tumor, injected weekly into skin or under-skin melanoma deposits
- Length
- Up to 8 weeks
Posted registry results, NCT02225366
-
L-CarnitineReview or pooled analysis
Weight fell 1.13 kg and fat mass 1.16 kg more than control, mainly in people with overweight or obesity; body fat percent did not change.
- Design
- Meta-analysis of 43 randomized trials
- Dose
- Varied
- Length
- Varied
Askarpour et al., Pharmacol Res 2020, PMID 31743774
-
SNAP-8Uncontrolled or pilot study
Fine lines fell 25.8% and skin hydration rose 15.4% from baseline, with no skin reactions. Multi-ingredient patch, so SNAP-8’s effect can’t be isolated.
- Design
- Single-center study, no placebo group reported
- Dose
- Hyaluronic acid microneedle patch with acetyl octapeptide-3 and other peptides, at the eye corners and forearm
- Length
- 12 weeks
Avcil et al., J Cosmet Dermatol 2020, PMID 31134751
-
PT-141Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Desire score rose 0.35 points and distress fell 0.33 points more than placebo (both P<.001); nausea, flushing and headache in 10% or more.
- Design
- Two randomized controlled trials (RECONNECT)
- Dose
- 1.75 mg subcutaneous as needed
- Length
- 24 weeks
Kingsberg et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT 301/302), PMID 31599840
-
PT-141Uncontrolled or pilot study
No new safety signals; nausea 40.4%, flushing 20.6%, headache 12.0%; desire and distress gains held (descriptive, no placebo); 272 finished.
- Design
- Open-label extension
- Dose
- 1.75 mg subcutaneous as needed
- Length
- 52 weeks
Simon et al., Obstet Gynecol 2019 (RECONNECT extension), PMID 31599847
-
LiraglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 0.64 points vs a 0.42-point rise on placebo in 10- to 16-year-olds with type 2 diabetes (difference 1.06 points, widening to 1.30 at 52 weeks).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with open-label extension
- Dose
- Up to 1.8 mg daily, with metformin
- Length
- 26 weeks, plus 26-week extension
Tamborlane et al., N Engl J Med 2019 (Ellipse), PMID 31034184
-
TesamorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Liver fat fraction fell 4.1 points more than placebo (37% relative drop); 35% vs 4% reached under 5% liver fat.
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in people with HIV and fatty liver
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 12 months
Stanley et al., Lancet HIV 2019, PMID 31611038
-
NAD+Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
Blood NAD+ did not rise for the first 2 hours, so infused NAD+ was cleared fast; no adverse events in the 8 men given NAD+.
- Design
- Pilot infusion study with saline control
- Dose
- 750 mg IV over 6 hours (about 2 mg per minute)
- Length
- Single infusion
Grant et al., Front Aging Neurosci 2019, PMID 31572171
-
OxytocinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Blood loss of 500 mL or more, or extra uterotonics: 14.4% with oxytocin vs 14.5% with carbetocin, so carbetocin was noninferior.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (noninferiority)
- Dose
- 10 IU IM oxytocin vs 100 mcg IM heat-stable carbetocin after vaginal birth
- Length
- Single dose
Widmer et al., N Engl J Med 2018 (WHO CHAMPION), PMID 29949473
-
SemaxControlled study, randomization not stated
After ischemic stroke, Semax raised blood BDNF levels and sped recovery on the Barthel index; the abstract gives no effect sizes.
- Design
- Controlled clinical study, treated vs untreated subgroups (not stated as randomized)
- Dose
- 6,000 mcg a day intranasal
- Length
- Two 10-day courses, 20 days apart
Gusev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018, PMID 29798983
-
GonadorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Sperm appeared at a median of 6 months on the pump versus 14 months on hCG/hMG (p=0.01); 90% versus 83.3% produced sperm. Allergic redness at the infusion site was the pump’s common side effect.
- Design
- Prospective comparison in azoospermic men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, not randomized (patients chose their treatment)
- Dose
- Pulsatile gonadorelin pump, 10 mcg every 90 minutes under the skin (10 men) versus cyclical hCG/hMG (18 men)
- Length
- Up to 24 months
Zhang et al., Am J Mens Health 2018, PMID 30569789
-
ExenatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in 11.4% vs 12.2% on placebo (HR 0.91): noninferior but not superior, in type 2 diabetes with or without heart disease.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 2 mg extended-release once weekly
- Length
- Median 3.2 years
Holman et al., N Engl J Med 2017 (EXSCEL), PMID 28910237
-
GonadorelinControlled study, randomization not stated
First sperm at a median of 6 months on the pump versus 18 months on hCG/hMG (p<0.001); testicles reached each size target sooner, while testosterone ran lower (8.3 vs 16.2 nmol/L).
- Design
- Retrospective cohort in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, randomization not described
- Dose
- Pulsatile GnRH 10 mcg under the skin every 90 minutes by pump (20 men) versus hCG plus hMG (182 men)
- Length
- At least 12 months; mean follow-up 15.6 months on the pump
Mao et al., Asian J Androl 2017, PMID 28051040
-
ARA-290Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Only 4 mg significantly raised corneal nerve fiber area vs placebo (+697 µm², P = 0.012); pain improved in all groups.
- Design
- Phase 2b randomized placebo-controlled trial, sarcoidosis small-fiber neuropathy
- Dose
- 1, 4 or 8 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 28 days
Culver et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017, PMID 28475703
-
ExenatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
At 60 weeks off-medication motor scores improved 1.0 point vs worsening 2.1 on placebo (adjusted difference 3.5 points, p=0.03); the larger Phase 3 did not confirm it.
- Design
- Phase 2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in Parkinson’s disease (single center)
- Dose
- 2 mg extended-release once weekly
- Length
- 48 weeks, plus 12-week washout
Athauda et al., Lancet 2017, PMID 28781108
-
ArgirelineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Acetyl hexapeptide-3 cut wrinkle-related roughness and water loss through the skin more than no peptide at some time points (for example p=0.022 at day 20); groups were very small.
- Design
- Randomized controlled study, four groups: acetyl hexapeptide-3, tripeptide-10 citrulline, both, or neither
- Dose
- Acetyl hexapeptide-3 alone or with tripeptide-10 citrulline
- Length
- 60 days
Raikou et al., J Cosmet Dermatol 2017, PMID 28150423
-
Follistatin-344Controlled study, randomization not stated
Walking distance changed by +56.0 m a year against −25.8 m a year in 8 untreated matched people (p=0.01); 4 of 6 improved 58 to 153 m and 2 improved 5 to 23 m, with less fibrosis and more regeneration on biopsy.
- Design
- Open-label gene-therapy trial with an untreated comparison group matched for age, sex and baseline (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 6 × 10¹¹ vg/kg per leg of rAAV1.CMV.huFS344 injected into both quadriceps, with an exercise program
- Length
- Followed to a median of 1 year
Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2017, PMID 28279643
-
LiraglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in 13.0% vs 14.9% on placebo (HR 0.87) in type 2 diabetes with high heart risk; cardiovascular deaths 4.7% vs 6.0%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 1.8 mg daily (or the highest tolerated dose)
- Length
- Median 3.8 years
Marso et al., N Engl J Med 2016 (LEADER), PMID 27295427
-
SemaglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in 6.6% vs 8.9% on placebo (HR 0.74) in type 2 diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 0.5 or 1.0 mg weekly
- Length
- 104 weeks
Marso et al., N Engl J Med 2016 (SUSTAIN-6), PMID 27633186
-
L-CarnitineReview or pooled analysis
Carnitine groups lost 1.33 kg more than control, and the effect shrank the longer people took it.
- Design
- Meta-analysis of 9 randomized trials
- Dose
- Varied
- Length
- Varied
Pooyandjoo et al., Obes Rev 2016, PMID 27335245
-
PT-141Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Pooled 1.25 and 1.75 mg: satisfying sexual events rose 0.7 vs 0.2 per month with placebo (p=0.018).
- Design
- Randomized dose-finding trial (phase 2b)
- Dose
- 0.75, 1.25 or 1.75 mg subcutaneous as desired
- Length
- 12 weeks
Clayton et al., Womens Health (Lond) 2016, PMID 27181790
-
CerebrolysinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
With rehabilitation after stroke, arm function at day 90 (ARAT) favored Cerebrolysin (Mann-Whitney 0.71, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.79).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (CARS)
- Dose
- 30 mL IV daily
- Length
- 21 days
Muresanu et al., Stroke 2016 (CARS), PMID 26564102
-
TriptorelinUncontrolled or pilot study
At least 93% of children had prepubertal LH at every time point, 95% had no rise in the bone-age to age ratio, and 89% had stable sexual maturity at month 12.
- Design
- Open-label, single-arm trial of the 6-month formulation in children with central precocious puberty
- Dose
- Triptorelin 22.5 mg into muscle every 24 weeks
- Length
- 12 months (two doses)
Klein et al., J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016, PMID 26887034; the same trial is the basis of the Triptodur label, section 14
-
GHK-CuRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Wrinkle volume fell 55.8% vs carrier serum and 31.6% vs Matrixyl 3000.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind trial in women, vs carrier serum and Matrixyl 3000
- Dose
- GHK-Cu in a nano-lipid carrier serum, twice daily
- Length
- 8 weeks
Badenhorst et al., J Aging Sci 2016, doi:10.4172/2329-8847.1000166
-
LiraglutideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 8.4 kg vs 2.8 kg on placebo, and 63.2% vs 27.1% lost at least 5% of body weight, in adults with obesity or overweight without diabetes.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 3.0 mg daily
- Length
- 56 weeks
Pi-Sunyer et al., N Engl J Med 2015 (SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes), PMID 26132939
-
LarazotideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Only 0.5 mg met the main goal, lower celiac gut-symptom scores than placebo (p=0.022), with 26% fewer symptomatic days (p=0.017); 1 and 2 mg were no different from placebo on any measure, and safety was comparable to placebo.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 2b trial, with 4-week placebo run-in and run-out
- Dose
- 0.5, 1 or 2 mg by mouth 3× daily, with a gluten-free diet
- Length
- 12 weeks
Leffler et al., Gastroenterology 2015, PMID 25683116
-
Melanotan 1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Median pain-free time in direct sun: 69.4 vs 40.8 hours (US, P=0.04) and 6.0 vs 0.8 hours (EU, P=0.005) vs placebo; quality of life improved.
- Design
- Two randomized controlled trials
- Dose
- 16 mg implant every 60 days
- Length
- 6 months (US) and 9 months (EU)
Langendonk et al., N Engl J Med 2015, PMID 26132941
-
Melanotan 1Observational study
Disease-specific quality-of-life score rose from 31% to about 74% of maximum; only minor side effects, mainly nausea.
- Design
- Observational cohort
- Dose
- 16 mg implants (1,023 in total)
- Length
- Up to 8 years
Biolcati et al., Br J Dermatol 2015, PMID 25494545
-
SelankControlled study, randomization not stated
In anxiety disorders, adding Selank (40 patients) brought an earlier response on the HDRS and fewer phenazepam side effects than phenazepam alone (30).
- Design
- Controlled comparison, Selank added to phenazepam vs phenazepam alone (randomization not described in the abstract)
Medvedev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015, PMID 26356395
-
Melanotan 1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Repigmentation 48.6% with the combination vs 33.3% with UVB alone at day 168, faster on face and arms, clearest in darker skin types.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial (vitiligo)
- Dose
- 16 mg implant monthly for 4 months plus narrowband UVB
- Length
- 168 days
Lim et al., JAMA Dermatol 2015, PMID 25230094
-
ARA-290Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
By day 56 HbA1c fell 0.21% with ARA 290 vs a 0.21% rise with placebo; PainDetect scores improved 4.2 vs 0.7 points.
- Design
- Phase 2 double-blind placebo-controlled trial, type 2 diabetes with painful neuropathy
- Dose
- 4 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 28 days, then 28 days follow-up
Brines et al., Mol Med 2015, PMID 25387363
-
ArgirelineControlled study, randomization not stated
Only the peptide creams changed skin mechanics, making facial skin more uniform in different directions (lower anisotropy); elasticity didn’t change, and all creams raised skin moisture.
- Design
- Controlled study of creams with and without the peptide (randomization not described)
- Dose
- Cream with acetyl hexapeptide-3 vs the same cream without it, daily on face and forearm
- Length
- 4 weeks
Tadini et al., Braz J Pharm Sci 2015, doi:10.1590/S1984-82502015000400016
-
PinealonDesign not described
Authors report better biological-age markers in adults aged 41 to 83 with organic brain syndrome; a related peptide, Vesugen, did better.
- Design
- Small clinical study, controls and blinding not described (Russian)
- Dose
- Not stated in abstract
- Length
- Not stated in abstract
Meshchaninov et al., Adv Gerontol 2015 (Russian), PMID 26390612
-
Follistatin-344Uncontrolled or pilot study
On the 6-minute walk test two people gained 58 m and 125 m in the lower-dose group and two gained 108 m and 29 m in the higher-dose group, while 2 showed no change. No adverse effects were encountered.
- Design
- Phase 1/2a open-label gene-therapy trial in two dose groups, no placebo
- Dose
- 3 × 10¹¹ or 6 × 10¹¹ vg/kg per leg of AAV1.CMV.FS344 injected into both quadriceps
- Length
- Single treatment, safety followed 2 years
Mendell et al., Mol Ther 2015, PMID 25322757
-
GlutathioneRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No reduction in nerve damage versus placebo on patient or clinician scales; authors say results do not support this use.
- Design
- Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCCTG N08CA) with paclitaxel and carboplatin
- Dose
- 1.5 g/m2 IV over 15 minutes before each chemotherapy dose
- Length
- Throughout chemotherapy
Leal et al., Cancer 2014, PMID 24619793
-
GHRP-2Controlled study, randomization not stated
Height SD score (height compared with peers) changed 0.07 on placebo vs 0.03 (low dose) and 0.02 (high dose), with no difference in IGF-1: no growth benefit.
- Design
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled three-arm trial in prepubertal children with GH deficiency (randomization not described in the abstract)
- Dose
- Nasal spray, 50–200 mcg by body weight, twice daily
- Length
- 48 weeks
Tanaka et al., Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014, PMID 25374440
-
IpamorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Median time to first tolerated meal was 25.3 hours vs 32.6 hours on placebo, not significant (p=0.15); well tolerated.
- Design
- Phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial after bowel resection (114 analyzed)
- Dose
- 0.03 mg/kg IV twice daily
- Length
- Up to 7 days
Beck et al., Int J Colorectal Dis 2014, PMID 25331030
-
SelankControlled study, randomization not stated
In phobic-anxiety and somatoform disorders, Selank had a clear anti-anxiety effect that lasted about a week after the last dose; no effect sizes in the abstract.
- Design
- Comparative clinical study vs phenazepam
Medvedev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2014, PMID 25176261
-
TesamorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Visceral fat fell 34 cm2 vs an 8 cm2 rise on placebo and liver fat fell modestly; fasting glucose rose at 2 weeks but not at 6 months.
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in people with HIV and abdominal fat
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 6 months
Stanley et al., JAMA 2014, PMID 25038357
-
LL-37Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Healing-rate constants were about 6× (p=0.003) and 3× (p=0.088) placebo at 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL, with mean ulcer area down 68% and 50%; 3.2 mg/mL did no better than placebo; no safety concerns.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled first-in-human trial, after a 3-week placebo run-in
- Dose
- 0.5, 1.6 or 3.2 mg/mL applied twice weekly to venous leg ulcers
- Length
- 4 weeks, plus 4 weeks follow-up
Grönberg et al., Wound Repair Regen 2014, PMID 25041740
-
hCGReview or pooled analysis
Gonadotropin therapy started sperm production in 75% of men; success was higher when hCG was combined with FSH.
- Design
- Meta-analysis of 44 gonadotropin studies in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and azoospermia
- Dose
- hCG alone or with FSH (varied by study)
- Length
- Varied
Rastrelli et al., Andrology 2014, PMID 25271205
-
AOD9604Review or pooled analysis
Side effects were similar to placebo, with no change in IGF-1 or glucose tolerance and no antibodies; weight results were not reported.
- Design
- Six randomized placebo-controlled trials (pooled safety report)
- Dose
- IV single doses 25 to 400 mcg/kg; oral 0.25 to 54 mg daily
- Length
- Single dose up to 24 weeks
Stier et al., J Endocrinol Metab 2013, doi:10.4021/jem157w
-
LarazotideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Gut permeability (lactulose-mannitol ratio) didn’t differ from placebo; 1 mg limited symptoms (p=0.002), and tTG antibody rises were smaller at all doses (5.8, 3.9 and 7.7 times baseline vs 19.0).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a daily gluten challenge
- Dose
- 1, 4 or 8 mg 3× daily, with 2.7 g of gluten a day
- Length
- 6 weeks
Kelly et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013, PMID 23163616
-
ArgirelineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Wrinkle grading improved in 48.9% vs 0% on placebo, and all skin-replica roughness measures fell (p<0.01) with no change on placebo.
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial (3:1 split; blinding not described in the abstract)
- Dose
- Argireline cream (reported as 10%) twice daily on eye wrinkles, vs placebo
- Length
- 4 weeks
Wang et al., Am J Clin Dermatol 2013, PMID 23417317
-
ARA-290Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Symptom score (SFNSL) fell 12.2 vs 3.8 points with placebo (P = 0.005); 6-minute walk rose 18.7 m vs a 15.1 m drop (P = 0.049).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, sarcoidosis small-fiber neuropathy
- Dose
- 4 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 28 days
Dahan et al., Mol Med 2013, PMID 24136731
-
hCGObservational study
No man became azoospermic and semen measures did not change; 9 of 26 men contributed to a pregnancy.
- Design
- Retrospective case series of hypogonadal men on testosterone plus hCG
- Dose
- hCG 500 IU intramuscular every other day with testosterone gel or injections
- Length
- Mean 6.2 months follow-up
Hsieh et al., J Urol 2013, PMID 23260550
-
ArgirelineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
The toxin’s effect lasted 3.7 vs 3.0 months, a trend that wasn’t significant; 4 of 12 on the peptide had a much longer effect (3.3–7.1 months); no significant adverse events.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial in blepharospasm (eyelid spasm) treated with botulinum toxin
- Dose
- Daily topical acetyl hexapeptide-8, started with a toxin injection
- Length
- Until symptoms returned (about 3–7 months)
Lungu et al., Eur J Neurol 2013, doi:10.1111/ene.12009
-
VIPUncontrolled or pilot study
In CIRS patients who had finished 10 prior treatment steps, symptoms fell to control levels in all 20 and inflammatory markers normalized.
- Design
- Open-label uncontrolled study
- Dose
- 50 mcg intranasal 4 times a day
- Length
- At least 18 months
Shoemaker et al., Health 2013, doi:10.4236/health.2013.53053
-
Kisspeptin-10Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
In men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone, the infusion raised LH from 3.9 to 20.7 IU/L and testosterone from 8.5 to 11.4 nmol/L.
- Design
- Proof-of-concept physiology study
- Dose
- 0.3 mcg/kg IV bolus; 4 mcg/kg/h IV infusion for 11 hours
- Length
- Single sessions
George et al., Clin Endocrinol 2013, PMID 23153270
-
CerebrolysinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In acute ischemic stroke, no difference on the main 90-day outcome; a post hoc look at severe strokes found 90-day deaths of 10.5% vs 20.2%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (CASTA)
- Dose
- 30 mL IV daily
- Length
- 10 days
Heiss et al., Stroke 2012 (CASTA), PMID 22282884
-
LarazotideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Permeability results were too variable to judge; some lower doses limited gluten-induced symptoms but the highest dose didn’t; no serious adverse events.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-ranging trial with a gluten challenge
- Dose
- 0.25, 1, 4 or 8 mg 3× daily, with or without 2.4 g of gluten a day
- Length
- 14 days
Leffler et al., Am J Gastroenterol 2012, PMID 22825365
-
Kisspeptin-10Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
LH rose in follicular-phase, postmenopausal and progestogen-implant users, but not in women on the combined pill; FSH rose only after menopause.
- Design
- Experimental physiology study
- Dose
- 0.3 mcg/kg IV bolus
- Length
- Single dose
George et al., Hum Reprod 2012, PMID 22956346
-
ARA-290Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Symptom score (SFNSL) improved 11.5 vs 2.9 points with placebo (P < 0.05); no safety concerns.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot, sarcoidosis small-fiber neuropathy
- Dose
- 2 mg IV three times weekly
- Length
- 4 weeks
Heij et al., Mol Med 2012, PMID 23168581
-
PinealonDesign not described
Authors report better biological-age and adaptation scores; the abstract gives no numbers.
- Design
- Small study in train crew workers, controls not described (Russian)
- Dose
- 100 micrograms by mouth twice daily
- Length
- 2 weeks
Nazimko et al., Adv Gerontol 2012 (Russian), PMID 22708445
-
OxytocinReview or pooled analysis
Side effects did not differ from placebo at 18–40 IU in short-term research use; 3 case reports of adverse reactions with misuse or longer use.
- Design
- Systematic review of 38 randomized trials
- Dose
- 18–40 IU intranasal, mostly single doses
- Length
- Single doses up to 182 administrations
MacDonald et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011, PMID 21429671
-
CerebrolysinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In vascular dementia, ADAS-cog+ improved 10.6 points vs 4.4 with placebo at week 24 (difference -6.17, P<0.0001).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 20 mL IV daily
- Length
- 2 treatment cycles, assessed at 24 weeks
Guekht et al., J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2011, PMID 20656516
-
MK-677Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
IGF-1 rose 51.4 ng/mL vs placebo but most function tests didn’t improve; heart failure in 4 of 62 vs 1 of 61 ended the trial early.
- Design
- Phase 2b randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in adults 60 or older recovering from hip fracture, stopped early
- Dose
- 25 mg once daily
- Length
- 24 weeks planned
Adunsky et al., Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2011, PMID 21067829
-
Kisspeptin-10Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
LH peaked at 1 mcg/kg (4.1 to 12.4 IU/L, n=6), with less at 3 mcg/kg; a 22.5-hour infusion raised LH 5.4 to 20.8 IU/L and testosterone 16.6 to 24.0 nmol/L.
- Design
- Dose-response and infusion study in men
- Dose
- IV bolus 0.01–3 mcg/kg; infusion 1.5–4 mcg/kg/h
- Length
- Up to 22.5 hours
George et al., JCEM 2011, PMID 21632807
-
Kisspeptin-10Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
LH and FSH rose in men; no response in follicular-phase women even at high IV or SC doses, but a rise before ovulation (4–5 per group).
- Design
- Dose-response study in men and women
- Dose
- IV bolus up to 10 nmol/kg; SC bolus up to 32 nmol/kg in women
- Length
- Single doses and short infusions
Jayasena et al., JCEM 2011, PMID 21976724
-
TesamorelinReview or pooled analysis
Visceral fat fell 15.4% more than placebo at 26 weeks; IGF-1 rose by 108 ng/mL; no meaningful change in glucose.
- Design
- Pooled analysis of two Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials in people with HIV and excess abdominal fat
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 26 weeks, plus 26-week extension
Falutz et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, PMID 20554713
-
Thymosin Alpha-1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In metastatic melanoma, median survival was 9.4 months with thymosin alpha-1 vs 6.6 months without (HR 0.80, P=0.08).
- Design
- Randomized trial, 5 arms
- Dose
- 1.6 to 6.4 mg, with dacarbazine with or without interferon
- Length
- 12 months, follow-up to 24 months
Maio et al., J Clin Oncol 2010, PMID 20194853
-
TesamorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Visceral fat fell 10.9% vs 0.6% on placebo, and about 18% by 12 months; the gain was rapidly lost after switching to placebo.
- Design
- Second Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trial with blinded extension
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 6 months, plus 6-month extension
Falutz et al., J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010, PMID 20101189
-
Thymosin Beta-4Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Safety was comparable to placebo; about 25% of ulcers closed within 3 months, mostly small to moderate ones, and 0.03% looked most promising. Registry results show 12 of 55 closed on gel vs 4 of 17 on placebo.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation Phase 2 trial
- Dose
- 0.01%, 0.03% or 0.1% gel once daily on venous leg ulcers
- Length
- Up to 84 days
Guarnera et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, PMID 20536470
-
Thymosin Beta-4Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Adverse events were infrequent and mild to moderate, with no dose-limiting toxicity or serious events; exposure rose in proportion to dose and the half-life lengthened at higher doses.
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled dose-escalation Phase 1 trial in healthy volunteers
- Dose
- 42, 140, 420 or 1,260 mg IV
- Length
- Single dose, then daily for 14 days
Ruff et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, PMID 20536472
-
TesofensineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight fell 1.8 kg more than on placebo; fullness ratings and fat burning rose, and night-time energy use was 4.6% higher.
- Design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial in overweight or moderately obese men
- Dose
- 2.0 mg daily for 7 days, then 1.0 mg daily for 7 days (or placebo)
- Length
- 2 weeks
Sjödin et al., Int J Obes 2010, PMID 20479765
-
VIPUncontrolled or pilot study
In active sarcoidosis, inhaled VIP was well tolerated and lowered TNF-alpha release from lung lavage cells.
- Design
- Open-label phase 2 study
- Dose
- Inhaled (nebulized) VIP
- Length
- 4 weeks
Prasse et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, PMID 20442436
-
DSIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Rather than deepening anesthesia, DSIP raised heart rate and lightened anesthesia depth (higher BIS) at 25 nmol/kg.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial, add-on to anesthesia
- Dose
- 25 to 100 nmol/kg IV
- Length
- Single doses around surgery
Pomfrett et al., Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009, PMID 19142086
-
GlutathioneRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Well tolerated; no significant difference in Parkinson’s symptom scores versus placebo (p=0.32).
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot in Parkinson’s disease
- Dose
- 1,400 mg IV 3 times a week
- Length
- 4 weeks
Hauser et al., Mov Disord 2009, PMID 19230029
-
CJC-1295 with DACPhysiology, dosing or diagnostic study
Five serum protein spots changed, including lower apolipoprotein A1 and transthyretin isoforms; exploratory biomarker work only.
- Design
- Serum protein study in a subset of men from the 2006 GH-pulse study
- Dose
- 60 to 90 mcg/kg subcutaneous, once
- Length
- 1 week
Sackmann-Sala et al., Growth Horm IGF Res 2009, PMID 19386527
-
TesofensineReview or pooled analysis
Weight changed +0.5% on placebo vs −0.5%, −0.9%, −1.8% and −2.8% by dose; heart rate rose up to 6.8 bpm, with no effect on blood pressure.
- Design
- Pooled analysis of four randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials in Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease
- Dose
- 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg once daily, no diet program
- Length
- 14 weeks
Astrup et al., Obesity 2008, PMID 18356831
-
MK-677Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
IGF-1 rose 72.9% but decline in memory, thinking and daily function matched placebo; blood glucose rises in 15.4% vs 4.6%.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease
- Dose
- 25 mg once daily
- Length
- 12 months
Sevigny et al., Neurology 2008, PMID 19015485
-
TesofensineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight loss beyond placebo was 4.5%, 9.2% and 10.6%; heart rate rose 7.4 bpm at 0.5 mg, and 1.0 mg raised blood pressure.
- Design
- Phase 2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in adults with obesity
- Dose
- 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg once daily, with a reduced-calorie diet
- Length
- 24 weeks
Astrup et al., Lancet 2008, PMID 18950853
-
MK-677Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Lean mass rose 1.1 kg vs a 0.5 kg loss on placebo and weight 2.7 vs 0.8 kg, with no change in belly fat, strength or function; fasting glucose rose 5 mg/dL.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, with a modified crossover in year 2, in healthy adults aged 60–81
- Dose
- 25 mg once daily by mouth
- Length
- 12 months, plus a 12-month extension
Nass et al., Ann Intern Med 2008, PMID 18981485
-
SelankRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In generalized anxiety and neurasthenia, Selank (30 patients) and medazepam (32) eased anxiety about equally; Selank also eased fatigue.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial vs medazepam
Zozulia et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2008, PMID 18454096
-
AOD9604Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Weight loss did not differ significantly from placebo at 12 or 24 weeks; the developer ended work on it for obesity.
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- Oral 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg daily
- Length
- 24 weeks
Metabolic Pharmaceuticals OPTIONS study (unpublished), as summarized in the FDA advisory committee briefing, December 2024
-
TesamorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Visceral fat fell 15.2% vs a 5.0% rise on placebo; triglycerides fell 50 mg/dL and IGF-1 rose 81%.
- Design
- Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trial in people with HIV and abdominal fat gain
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous daily
- Length
- 26 weeks
Falutz et al., N Engl J Med 2007, PMID 18057338
-
TesofensineRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No significant benefit on Parkinson’s symptoms; constipation, insomnia and dry mouth were most common, with weight loss and faster heart rate at 1.0 mg.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in early Parkinson’s disease
- Dose
- 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg once daily
- Length
- 14 weeks
Hauser et al., Mov Disord 2007, PMID 17149725
-
GHRP-2Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
Peak GH averaged 84.6 mcg/L in 77 healthy adults vs 1.36 in 58 patients; a 15 mcg/L cutoff (9 with current assay standards) separated the groups, and 40% had short-lived, mostly mild side effects such as flushing.
- Design
- Diagnostic validation study against the insulin tolerance test, in healthy adults and adults with GH deficiency
- Dose
- 100 mcg IV once, after an overnight fast
- Length
- Single test (2 hours of sampling)
Chihara et al., Eur J Endocrinol 2007, PMID 17609397
-
SemaxUncontrolled or pilot study
In motor neuron disease (ALS), Semax did not change the disease course but improved the quality-of-life score, most at day 10.
- Design
- Open-label study
- Dose
- 12 mg a day intranasal (1% drops)
- Length
- Two 10-day courses, 2 weeks apart
Serdiuk et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2007, PMID 18379501
-
LarazotideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No more adverse events than placebo; after gluten, gut permeability rose 70% on placebo but not on larazotide, and gut symptoms were less frequent (p=0.018).
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled inpatient study with a gluten challenge
- Dose
- 12 mg once daily
- Length
- 3 days
Paterson et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, PMID 17697209
-
EpithalonDesign not described
Night-time melatonin rose in elderly people with low pineal function; no side effects were reported.
- Design
- Small clinical study, design not described in abstract; tested synthetic Epitalon and Epithalamin
- Dose
- Not stated in abstract
- Length
- Not stated in abstract
Korkushko et al., Adv Gerontol 2007 (Russian), PMID 17969590
-
EpithalonRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
28% fewer deaths than controls at 12 years and half the cardiovascular deaths; melatonin rhythm normalized.
- Design
- Randomized study in older adults with coronary disease; Epithalamin pineal extract, not synthetic Epithalon
- Dose
- Epithalamin 10 mg IM, 5 doses per course, 6 courses over 3 years, plus usual care
- Length
- 3 years of treatment, 12 to 15 years of follow-up
Korkushko et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2006, PMID 17426848; 15-year update 2011, PMID 22451889
-
GHK-CuRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
No objective difference in redness or wrinkles; patient-rated skin quality was better with GHK-Cu (P = .04).
- Design
- Randomized trial after CO2 laser resurfacing
- Dose
- Post-laser skin care regimen with GHK-Cu vs without
- Length
- 12 weeks
Miller et al., Arch Facial Plast Surg 2006, PMID 16847171
-
CJC-1295 with DACRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Single doses raised GH 2- to 10-fold for 6 or more days and IGF-1 1.5- to 3-fold for 9 to 11 days; no serious adverse reactions.
- Design
- Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ascending-dose trials in healthy adults aged 21 to 61
- Dose
- Single doses, or 2 to 3 weekly or every-other-week subcutaneous doses; 30 or 60 mcg/kg best tolerated
- Length
- 28 and 49 days
Teichman et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, PMID 16352683
-
CJC-1295 with DACPhysiology, dosing or diagnostic study
GH pulses were preserved; trough GH rose 7.5-fold, mean GH 46% and IGF-1 45%, with no difference between the two doses.
- Design
- Single-dose study of overnight GH pulses in healthy men aged 20 to 40
- Dose
- 60 or 90 mcg/kg subcutaneous, once
- Length
- 1 week
Ionescu and Frohman, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, PMID 17018654
-
ExenatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 0.8 points on 10 mcg and 0.6 on 5 mcg vs a 0.2-point rise on placebo; weight fell 1.6 kg vs 0.9 kg on placebo.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 5 or 10 mcg twice daily, added to metformin and a sulfonylurea
- Length
- 30 weeks
Kendall et al., Diabetes Care 2005, PMID 15855571
-
ExenatideRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
HbA1c fell 0.78 points on 10 mcg and 0.40 on 5 mcg vs a 0.08-point rise on placebo; weight fell 2.8 kg on 10 mcg, with no more low blood sugar than placebo.
- Design
- Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 5 or 10 mcg twice daily, added to metformin
- Length
- 30 weeks
DeFronzo et al., Diabetes Care 2005, PMID 15855572
-
SemaxControlled study, randomization not stated
In chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, the authors report clinical improvement and fewer strokes and TIAs with Semax; the abstract gives no numbers.
- Design
- Comparative clinical study
Gusev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2005, PMID 15792140
-
MatrixylRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Fine lines and wrinkles improved significantly more on the peptide side by image analysis and expert grading, and users noticed it too; well tolerated. The abstract gives no effect sizes.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled split-face trial (left and right sides randomized) in women aged 35–55
- Dose
- Moisturizer with 3 ppm pal-KTTKS on one side vs the same moisturizer without it
- Length
- 12 weeks
Robinson et al., Int J Cosmet Sci 2005, PMID 18492182
-
hCGRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Testosterone alone cut intratesticular testosterone by 94%; with 250 IU hCG it ended 7% below baseline, and with 500 IU 26% above.
- Design
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy men given testosterone
- Dose
- Testosterone enanthate 200 mg weekly plus hCG 0, 125, 250 or 500 IU every other day
- Length
- 3 weeks
Coviello et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, PMID 15713727
-
GHRP-2Controlled study, randomization not stated
Every man ate more: intake was 35.9% higher than on saline (32.5 vs 24.2 kcal/kg, p=0.008).
- Design
- Crossover study in healthy lean men, GHRP-2 vs saline infusion (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 1 mcg/kg per hour by subcutaneous infusion
- Length
- 270 minutes per session
Laferrère et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, PMID 15699539
-
GHRP-2Controlled study, randomization not stated
GH secretion was over 3× the saline level on day 1 and 1.8× on days 14 and 30; IGF-1 rose to a steady plateau from day 1 and safety tests stayed normal.
- Design
- 30-day study in healthy older adults, each compared with their own saline infusion sessions (blinding and randomization not described)
- Dose
- 1 mcg/kg per hour by continuous subcutaneous infusion
- Length
- 30 days
Bowers et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, PMID 15126555
-
TriptorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Castrate testosterone (50 ng/dL or less) by day 29 in 91.2% of men on triptorelin and in 97.7% by day 57; 96.2% stayed castrate from day 57 to day 253.
- Design
- Randomized, active-controlled trial in men with advanced prostate cancer, comparing triptorelin with leuprolide
- Dose
- Triptorelin pamoate 3.75 mg into muscle every 4 weeks (140 men) versus leuprolide
- Length
- 9 months
Heyns et al., BJU Int 2003, PMID 12887472; reported as study 1 in the Trelstar label, section 14
-
EpithalonControlled study, randomization not stated
Death rate was 1.6 to 1.8 times lower with Epithalamin than in controls, and 2.5 times lower with Epithalamin plus Thymalin.
- Design
- Controlled long-term observation, randomization not described; Epithalamin pineal extract, not synthetic Epithalon
- Dose
- Courses of Epithalamin and/or Thymalin (dose not given in abstract)
- Length
- 6 to 8 years, treated in the first 2 to 3
Khavinson and Morozov, Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003, PMID 14523363
-
ThymalinControlled study, randomization not stated
Mortality was 2.0–2.1 times lower with thymalin than in controls; yearly thymalin plus epithalamin for 6 years cut it 4.1 times.
- Design
- Controlled long-term study in people over 60 (266 across all arms; listed as randomized in PubMed)
- Length
- Treatment in the first 2–3 years; follow-up 6–8 years
Khavinson & Morozov, Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003, PMID 14523363
-
GHK-CuDesign not described
Reported gains in skin density and thickness and fewer fine lines and wrinkles in women with photoaging.
- Design
- Conference poster on facial photoaging; design details not published
- Dose
- GHK-Cu facial cream (strength not reported)
- Length
- 12 weeks
Leyden et al., AAD annual meeting poster 2002, p. 68; cited in Pickart & Margolina, Int J Mol Sci 2018, doi:10.3390/ijms19071987
-
GlutathioneRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Grade 2 to 4 nerve damage after 8 cycles in 2 patients on glutathione vs 11 on placebo (p=0.003); tumor response was not reduced.
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer
- Dose
- 1,500 mg/m2 IV over 15 minutes before each oxaliplatin dose
- Length
- Up to 12 cycles
Cascinu et al., J Clin Oncol 2002, PMID 12177109
-
TriptorelinControlled study, randomization not stated
An LH level above 8.0 mIU/mL 4 hours after the dose separated the 13 boys who entered puberty within a year from the 19 who stayed prepubertal, with no overlap between the groups.
- Design
- Comparison of a GnRH-agonist (triptorelin) test with GnRH and hCG tests in boys aged 14 or older with delayed puberty
- Dose
- Triptorelin (Decapeptyl) 0.1 mg per square meter of body surface, once under the skin
- Length
- Single test, with LH measured at 4 hours
Kauschansky et al., Clin Endocrinol 2002, PMID 12030910
-
HexarelinUncontrolled or pilot study
Ejection fraction rose from 22.6% to a peak of 26.2% in ischemic cardiomyopathy (5 patients) but not in dilated cardiomyopathy (16.7% to 17.7%, 8 patients), despite similar GH rises; other heart measures didn’t change.
- Design
- Acute study without placebo in severe heart failure from blocked arteries (ischemic cardiomyopathy) or an enlarged, weak heart muscle (dilated cardiomyopathy)
- Dose
- Single IV dose
- Length
- Single dose
Imazio et al., Eur J Heart Fail 2002, doi:10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00223-9
-
ArgirelineControlled study, randomization not stated
Wrinkle depth fell by up to 30% on skin-surface imaging.
- Design
- Small placebo-controlled test in healthy women by the team that designed it (randomization not described)
- Dose
- Oil-in-water emulsion with 10% hexapeptide (as reported), twice daily
- Length
- 30 days
Blanes-Mira et al., Int J Cosmet Sci 2002, PMID 18498523
-
HexarelinControlled study, randomization not stated
Two and three injections raised 24-hour GH output by the same amount, with no change in IGF-1, prolactin, ACTH or cortisol; afterward the GH response to the IV test dose was blunted and its ACTH and cortisol response abolished.
- Design
- Within-subject study in healthy young men: baseline day vs 2 or 3 injections a day (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 1.5 mcg/kg under the skin, 2× or 3× in 24 hours, then a 1 mcg/kg IV test dose
- Length
- 24 hours per schedule
Maccario et al., Eur J Endocrinol 2002, PMID 11888836
-
EpithalonDesign not described
Authors report a positive clinical effect in 90% of treated patients.
- Design
- Clinical report on synthetic Epitalon in retinitis pigmentosa, controls not described, alongside a rat study
- Dose
- Not stated in abstract
- Length
- Not stated in abstract
Khavinson et al., Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2002, PMID 12195242
-
MK-677Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
MK-677 alone didn’t raise bone density vs placebo; added to alendronate, femoral-neck density rose 4.2% vs 2.5% on alendronate alone at 18 months, with no extra gain at other sites.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
- Dose
- 25 mg daily, alone or with alendronate 10 mg
- Length
- 12 months, extended to 18
Murphy et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, PMID 11238495
-
Melanotan 2Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Erections after 12 of 19 injections vs 1 of 21 placebo doses in men with organic ED; severe nausea after 4 of 19 injections.
- Design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover
- Dose
- 0.025 mg/kg subcutaneous, two doses each of drug and placebo
- Length
- Single doses, 6-hour monitoring
Wessells et al., Urology 2000, PMID 11018622
-
VIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In erectile dysfunction, 75.1% responded to VIP with 1 mg phentolamine vs 12% to placebo (P<0.001); flushing after 33.9% of injections.
- Design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled trial, VIP with phentolamine
- Dose
- 25 mcg VIP with 1 or 2 mg phentolamine, injected into the penis
Sandhu et al., Int J Impot Res 1999, PMID 10356669
-
Thymosin Alpha-1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In chronic hepatitis B, complete response was 14% vs 4% with placebo (P=0.084), which did not confirm earlier positive trials.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
- Dose
- 1.6 mg subcutaneous twice weekly
- Length
- 6 months, plus 6 months follow-up
Mutchnick et al., J Viral Hepat 1999, PMID 10607256
-
IpamorelinPhysiology, dosing or diagnostic study
Half-life was about 2 hours; each dose caused a single GH pulse peaking at about 40 minutes.
- Design
- Dose-escalation PK/PD study in healthy men, 8 men at each of 5 dose levels
- Dose
- 4.21 to 140.45 nmol/kg IV over 15 minutes
- Length
- Single dose
Gobburu et al., Pharm Res 1999, PMID 10496658
-
GHRP-2Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
IGF-1 and GH-dependent binding proteins reached near-normal levels from day 2; osteocalcin (a bone-building marker) rose 19% vs a 6% fall on placebo, and the urea/creatinine ratio fell, suggesting less protein breakdown.
- Design
- Crossover study in prolonged critical illness, placebo vs GHRP-2 plus TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) in random order
- Dose
- GHRP-2 1 mcg/kg per hour plus TRH 1 mcg/kg per hour, IV infusion
- Length
- 5 days each
Van den Berghe et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, PMID 10199772
-
HexarelinControlled study, randomization not stated
Ejection fraction rose from 64.0% to 70.7% (p<0.03), peaking 30 minutes after hexarelin and lasting up to 60 minutes; GH itself reached similar blood levels without changing it. Hexarelin, not GH, raised cortisol; heart rate and blood pressure didn’t change.
- Design
- Acute comparison study in healthy men, IV hexarelin vs IV GH (randomization not described)
- Dose
- Single IV doses of hexarelin and of GH
- Length
- Single doses
Bisi et al., J Endocrinol Invest 1999, doi:10.1007/BF03343555
-
Thymosin Alpha-1Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
In chronic hepatitis B, complete viral response at 18 months was 40.6% after a 26-week course vs 9.4% untreated (P=0.004).
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Dose
- 1.6 mg subcutaneous twice weekly
- Length
- 26 or 52 weeks
Chien et al., Hepatology 1998, PMID 9581695
-
Melanotan 2Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Erections in 8 of 10 men with psychogenic ED; rigid erection time 38.0 vs 3.0 minutes with placebo (p=0.0045); more nausea and yawning.
- Design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover
- Dose
- 0.025 mg/kg subcutaneous
- Length
- Single doses, 6-hour monitoring
Wessells et al., J Urol 1998, PMID 9679884
-
HexarelinUncontrolled or pilot study
The GH response to a test dose fell from 19.1 to 12.3 at week 4 and 10.5 at week 16 (about 45% lower) and was back to 19.4 four weeks after stopping; IGF-1, IGFBP-3, body fat, lean mass and bone density didn’t change.
- Design
- Before-and-after study of long-term treatment in adults (no control group or subject number given in the abstract)
- Dose
- 1.5 mcg/kg under the skin twice daily
- Length
- 16 weeks, then 4 weeks off
Rahim et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, PMID 9589671
-
GHK-CuControlled study, randomization not stated
Collagen production rose in 70% of women using GHK-Cu cream vs 50% with vitamin C and 40% with tretinoin.
- Design
- Pilot comparison on thigh skin, GHK-Cu cream vs vitamin C cream vs tretinoin
- Dose
- Topical cream
- Length
- 12 weeks
Abdulghani et al., Dis Manag Clin Outcomes 1998, doi:10.1016/S1088-3371(98)00011-4
-
GlutathioneRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
More patients completed 6 cisplatin cycles with glutathione (58% vs 39%), and quality of life scores improved, including nerve symptoms.
- Design
- Double-blind randomized trial in ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin
- Dose
- Glutathione with each cisplatin cycle (dose not given in abstract)
- Length
- Up to 6 cycles
Smyth et al., Ann Oncol 1997, PMID 9261526
-
SemaxControlled study, randomization not stated
In acute ischemic stroke, 30 patients given Semax regained neurological, mainly motor, function faster than 80 controls.
- Design
- Controlled clinical study vs usual care
- Dose
- 12 to 18 mg a day intranasal
- Length
- 5 to 10 days
Gusev et al., Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1997, PMID 11517472
-
TriptorelinPhysiology, dosing or diagnostic study
Terminal half-life 2.8 hours in healthy men and 6.6–7.7 hours with kidney or liver impairment; clearance fell 2- to 4-fold, so exposure rose correspondingly.
- Design
- Pharmacokinetic study in healthy men and in men with kidney or liver impairment
- Dose
- 0.5 mg as a single intravenous bolus
- Length
- Single dose
Müller et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997, PMID 9354307
-
SermorelinUncontrolled or pilot study
Nocturnal GH rose, but IGF-1, body composition and glucose did not change; 2 of 6 strength measures improved.
- Design
- Uncontrolled study in healthy men aged 64 to 76
- Dose
- 2 mg subcutaneous nightly
- Length
- 6 weeks
Vittone et al., Metabolism 1997, PMID 9005976
-
SermorelinUncontrolled or pilot study
Height velocity rose from 3.3 to 6.0 cm per year, less than the 7.5 cm per year seen on GH the following year.
- Design
- Multicenter uncontrolled study in children with radiation-induced GH deficiency
- Dose
- 15 mcg/kg subcutaneous twice daily
- Length
- 1 year
Ogilvy-Stuart et al., Clin Endocrinol 1997, PMID 9231053
-
SermorelinUncontrolled or pilot study
Height velocity rose from 4.1 to 8.0 cm per year at 6 months and 7.2 cm per year at 12 months; no change in fasting glucose.
- Design
- Multicenter open-label study in prepubertal children with GH deficiency (86 analyzed)
- Dose
- 30 mcg/kg subcutaneous once daily at bedtime
- Length
- Up to 1 year
Thorner et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 (Geref International Study Group), PMID 8772599
-
MK-677Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
At 25 mg, IGF-1 rose from 141 to 219 mcg/L at 2 weeks and 265 at 4 weeks; fasting glucose rose about 25% above baseline.
- Design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults aged 64–81
- Dose
- 2, 10 or 25 mg once daily
- Length
- Two 14-day periods plus a 14-day extension
Chapman et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, PMID 8954023
-
HexarelinUncontrolled or pilot study
GH peaks to a nasal test dose fell from 70.6 to 34.1 mU/L within 7 days and stayed there, yet growth velocity rose from 5.3 to 7.4 cm/year; responses partly recovered 3 months after stopping.
- Design
- Prospective uncontrolled study in prepubertal short children
- Dose
- 60 mcg/kg nasal spray 3× daily
- Length
- 6–10 months
Klinger et al., Eur J Endocrinol 1996, PMID 8766941
-
Melanotan 2Randomized or placebo-controlled trial
Visible tanning in 2 of 3 men after 5 low doses; mild nausea, somnolence at 0.03 mg/kg, and spontaneous erections.
- Design
- Single-blind placebo-controlled pilot (phase 1)
- Dose
- 0.01–0.03 mg/kg subcutaneous, weekdays on alternate days
- Length
- 2 weeks
Dorr et al., Life Sci 1996, PMID 8637402
-
GlutathioneRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Nerve damage at week 15 in 4 of 24 patients on glutathione vs 16 of 18 on placebo (p=0.0001).
- Design
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with weekly cisplatin for gastric cancer
- Dose
- 1.5 g/m2 IV before cisplatin, then 600 mg IM on days 2 to 5
- Length
- 15 weeks
Cascinu et al., J Clin Oncol 1995, PMID 7799029
-
GHRP-6Physiology, dosing or diagnostic study
In controls, GHRP-6 released about 3× more GH than GHRH (area under the curve 1,435 vs 484), and the two together more than their sum (3,772); in patients, GHRP-6 released almost none (97), showing it works mainly through the hypothalamus.
- Design
- Comparative physiology study: patients whose hypothalamus is cut off from the pituitary (hypothalamic–pituitary disconnection) vs matched healthy controls
- Dose
- 90 mcg IV, alone and with GHRH
- Length
- Single tests
Popovic et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, PMID 7883854
-
hCGReview or pooled analysis
No evidence that hCG causes weight loss or fat redistribution, or reduces hunger; most studies were of poor quality.
- Design
- Meta-analysis of 24 trials (8 controlled, 16 uncontrolled) of hCG for obesity
- Dose
- hCG injections per the Simeons regimen
- Length
- Varied
Lijesen et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995, PMID 8527285
-
GHK-CuRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Median closure of plantar ulcers was 98.5% with the gel vs 60.8% with vehicle; ulcer infections were 7% vs 34%.
- Design
- Multicenter randomized evaluator-blinded vehicle-controlled trial, diabetic foot ulcers
- Dose
- GHK-Cu gel (Iamin), metered dose applied daily
Mulder et al., Wound Repair Regen 1994, PMID 17147644
-
SermorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
Growth was slowest on the low dose; the high dose matched GH for height velocity, but only GH improved height for bone age.
- Design
- Randomized comparison with GH in children with hypothalamic GH deficiency
- Dose
- 30 or 60 mcg/kg per day subcutaneous in 3 doses, vs GH 0.1 IU/kg per day
- Length
- 6 months
Neyzi et al., Acta Paediatr Suppl 1993, PMID 8329826
-
GHRP-6Controlled study, randomization not stated
GH secretion rose about 8-fold and IGF-1 12–22%, but the GH peak to a later GHRP-6 dose fell to 7.9 vs 25 mcg/L after saline, while the response to GHRH rose (24 vs 11 mcg/L).
- Design
- Crossover study in healthy young men, 24-hour saline vs GHRP-6 infusion, then test doses (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 1 mcg/kg per hour infusion
- Length
- 24 hours
Huhn et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993, PMID 8496311
-
DSIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In chronic insomnia, sleep efficiency and sleep onset improved slightly vs placebo, but effects were weak and subjective sleep did not change.
- Design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Dose
- 25 nmol/kg IV
- Length
- 3 afternoons
Bes et al., Neuropsychobiology 1992, PMID 1299794
-
GHRP-6Uncontrolled or pilot study
In men, peak GH rose 63- and 202-fold over baseline, but by mouth it had only about 0.3% of IV potency; serum GHRP-6 fell with a half-life of about 20 minutes. Four of 9 children responded like adults and 2 not at all.
- Design
- Single-dose study of oral dosing in healthy men and in children with GH deficiency (no placebo described)
- Dose
- 100 and 300 mcg/kg by mouth in 5 men; 300 mcg/kg in 9 children
- Length
- Single doses
Bowers et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, PMID 1730807
-
SermorelinRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
The 1 mg dose raised 24-hour GH and IGF-1 in older men to young-adult levels; fasting glucose did not change.
- Design
- Randomized-order two-dose study in 10 older men, with 9 young men as baseline controls
- Dose
- 0.5 mg or 1 mg subcutaneous twice daily
- Length
- 14 days per dose
Corpas et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, PMID 1379256
-
GHRP-6Controlled study, randomization not stated
Peak GH was 7.6, 16.5 and 68.7 mcg/L vs 1.2 on placebo; the lower doses plus GHRH released GH synergistically, prolactin and cortisol about doubled only at 1 mcg/kg, and there were no adverse effects or lab abnormalities.
- Design
- Placebo-controlled dose-response study in healthy men (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mcg/kg IV bolus, alone and with GHRH
- Length
- Single doses
Bowers et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, PMID 2108187
-
GHRP-6Controlled study, randomization not stated
GH peaked at 45 minutes (63.0 mcg/L at 1 mcg/kg) and returned to baseline by 210 minutes; LH, FSH, TSH and ACTH didn’t change, and it was well tolerated.
- Design
- Dose-ranging study with saline controls in healthy men (randomization not described)
- Dose
- 0.05–2.5 mcg/kg IV over 30 minutes (17 men; 8 got saline)
- Length
- Single dose
Ilson et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989, PMID 2543692
-
DSIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In severe chronic insomnia, night sleep and daytime alertness improved substantially, and the effect held for one placebo night afterward.
- Design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled study
- Length
- 7 nights
Schneider-Helmert, Eur Neurol 1987, PMID 3622582
-
DSIPRandomized or placebo-controlled trial
In chronic insomnia, total sleep time rose, but the gap vs placebo already existed at baseline; judged of little clinical value.
- Design
- Double-blind crossover trial
- Dose
- 25 nmol/kg IV
- Length
- 4 nights
Monti et al., Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1987, PMID 3583493
-
DSIPUncontrolled or pilot study
In alcohol (47) and opiate (60) withdrawal, symptoms cleared or improved markedly in 87% and 97% of evaluable patients; there was no control group.
- Design
- Open uncontrolled study
- Dose
- IV injections
Dick et al., Eur Neurol 1984, PMID 6548969
No human studies found
Our review found no published human studies for these 17; what is known comes from animals or cells.
5-Amino-1MQ, SLU-PP-332, HGH Fragment 176-191, MOTS-c, Humanin, FOXO4-DRI, TB-500, KPV, Cartalax, MGF, PEG-MGF, CJC-1295 (no DAC), IGF-1 LR3, IGF-1 DES, AHK-Cu, Adamax, PE-22-28.